Science
Water: The Universal Solvent Explained
Discover why water is called the "universal solvent" and how its unique ability to dissolve more substances than any other liquid is vital for life.
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What is it?
The "universal solvent" is a term used to describe a substance capable of dissolving more substances than any other liquid. This title is famously given to water (H₂O). While it's not truly universal, as it doesn't dissolve everything like nonpolar substances such as oils and fats, its dissolving capabilities are more extensive than any other liquid. This property is fundamental to chemistry and biology. A substance that dissolves is a solvent, the substance being dissolved is a solute, and the mixture is called a solution. Water's ability to act as a solvent for a wide variety of solutes makes it essential.
Why is it trending?
The concept is a cornerstone of science education and environmental discussions. Water's effectiveness as a solvent stems from its molecular polarity. A water molecule has a slight positive charge on its hydrogen side and a slight negative charge on its oxygen side. This polarity allows it to attract and pull apart the ions in other compounds, like salt, causing them to dissolve. This principle is constantly explored in studies ranging from cellular biology to the search for extraterrestrial life, where the presence of water is a key indicator for habitability.
How does it affect people?
Water's role as a universal solvent is vital for all known life. In the human body, it transports essential minerals, chemicals, and nutrients. Blood plasma, which is over 90% water, carries nutrients and hormones throughout the body. Water also facilitates the removal of waste products from the body through the kidneys. Environmentally, as water flows through the ground, it dissolves and carries minerals and nutrients that are essential for ecosystems to thrive. This property is also harnessed in countless industrial, chemical, and cleaning applications.