Science
What Are Ions and Why Do They Matter?
An explainer on ions, the charged atoms or molecules that are fundamental to everything from human biology to the latest battery technology.
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What is it?
An ion is an atom or a molecule that has a net electrical charge. This charge results from losing or gaining one or more electrons. Since electrons are negatively charged, an atom that loses electrons will have more protons than electrons, resulting in a positive charge; this is called a cation. Conversely, an atom that gains electrons becomes negatively charged and is known as an anion. Because opposite charges attract, cations and anions are drawn to each other to form ionic compounds, such as table salt (sodium chloride).
Why is it trending?
Ions are at the core of major technological advancements. Ion-based energy storage, particularly lithium-ion batteries, powers countless electronic devices, and emerging sodium-ion technology promises cheaper, more sustainable alternatives. In advanced computing, trapped-ion technology is a leading approach in the race to build powerful quantum computers that can solve complex problems beyond the scope of classical machines. Furthermore, ions play a critical role in environmental technologies, including water purification systems and air purifiers that neutralize airborne microbes.
How does it affect people?
Ions are fundamental to both biology and daily technology. In the human body, ions are known as electrolytes (like sodium, potassium, and calcium) and are vital for nerve impulses, muscle contractions, and maintaining fluid balance. An imbalance can affect cellular and organ function. Beyond biology, ions are used in household items like smoke detectors and are the foundational principle behind all batteries that power our phones, laptops, and electric vehicles. They are essential for countless industrial processes and are a cornerstone of modern chemistry.