The Synthesis of "Westphalian sovereignty"

An overview of the 1648 treaties that ended the Thirty Years' War and established the modern concept of the nation-state.

A summary of the devastating 17th-century conflict in Central Europe that reshaped religion, politics, and the very concept of the modern state.

An overview of the Papal States, the territories in central Italy ruled directly by the Pope for over a thousand years, from 756 to 1870.

Explore the Treaty of Utrecht, the 1713 peace accord that ended a major European war and marked the rise of Great Britain as a global power.

Discover the 1713 treaties that ended a major European war, reshaped global empires, and established the crucial "balance of power" principle.

Discover the Wettin dynasty, one of Europe's oldest and most influential royal families, whose legacy connects to the British House of Windsor.

An overview of the Holy Roman Empire, the complex political entity that shaped Central Europe for over a thousand years from the Middle Ages to 1806.

Discover the Kingdom of Poland, a dominant medieval European power known for its unique political system and rich cultural heritage that shaped a nation.

Discover the Treaty of Verdun (843), the pact that ended a civil war by dividing Charlemagne's empire and laying the groundwork for modern France and Germany.

Explore the thousand-year history of the Kingdom of France, a dominant European power that shaped modern politics, culture, and society.