The Synthesis of "Vatican history"

An overview of the Papal States, the territories in central Italy ruled directly by the Pope for over a thousand years, from 756 to 1870.

Discover Pope Urban II, the influential medieval pope who ignited the First Crusade with a powerful speech, changing European and Middle Eastern history.

An overview of Pope Gregory I, one of the most influential figures in the Catholic Church, known for his vast writings and administrative reforms.

Explore the Salian dynasty (1024-1125), a pivotal era in the Holy Roman Empire defined by the epic power struggle between emperors and popes.

An explanation of the Great Schism of 1054, the monumental split that divided Christianity into the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches.

A look at the Catholic Church's vigorous response to the Protestant Reformation, which reshaped European religion, art, and politics.

A concise overview of the 16th-century movement that split Western Christianity and reshaped European religion, politics, and society forever.

A look into the 16th-century movement that challenged religious authority, reshaped Europe, and influenced modern society and individual freedoms.

A look at the medieval power struggle between popes and emperors over church appointments, a conflict that forever changed church-state relations.

An overview of the Holy Roman Empire, the complex political entity that shaped Central Europe for over a thousand years from the Middle Ages to 1806.